Rup vs Scrum Free Essays

Significant contrasts among RUP and SCRUM Rup and Scrum both give direction on programming improvement groups in an iterative manner. An undeniable contrast among the previously mentioned philosophies is that in RUP the primary thing that the improvement group researches is if the task worth contributing. They gauge the costs, potential benefits and characterize the Business Case, which is reevaluated during ventures lifecycle. We will compose a custom article test on Rup versus Scrum or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Scrum accept that from the time the client needs this item, at that point it ought to be finished. It center generally around how to sort out the turn of events and accomplish the most ideal quality. We can in any case make a completely impeccable item with respect to its highlights, its inner quality and engineering, however on the off chance that there is no space for it in the market it has no business esteem. Moreover, it is quite certain that Scrum is predominantly centered around everyday undertakings conversely with RUP which approach the venture all in all from the earliest starting point. Scrum utilizes an accumulation where all the attractive highlights are assembled after a few conversations and conceptualizing with the Product Owner. This system occurs before each Sprint and characterizes the following Spring excess. Scrum is generally worried about group the executives and a tad with prerequisites. Henceforth, there is no longterm venture degree and estimations for venture term and expenses are troublesome. Scrum doesn't say much regarding discharges or a venture all in all. Its principle concern are the current and the following Sprints. Then again, RUP technique has an away from meaning of extension and significant task cutoff times are related with explicit dates. In RUP the venture lifecycle is isolated into 4 fundamental stages. These are the Inception, elaboration, Construction and Transition stage. Prerequisites are pre-characterized conversely with Scrum, anyway they are called Vision. Regardless of the way that the alleged Vision, demands meaning of prerequisites, RUP remains completely mindful of their advancing nature and can alter them whenever. Since the entirety of the above explanations, RUP’s documentation is overwhelming contrasted with Scrums. One more distinction between the two systems is that venture highlights are organized in Scrum as indicated by Products Owner and Scrums group judgment. Hence, the arranging is essentially situated in this prioritization. Interestingly, emphasis arranging in RUP is additionally founded on chance notwithstanding need. In conclusion, the conventional profile of RUP make it appropriate for huge activities which are tight on cutoff times. Then again Scrum is progressively reasonable for little and medium measured ventures , despite the fact that it tends to be applied on bigger tasks also. The formalistic idea of RUP alludes to the engineers as â€Å"workers† in its statement. Scrums pronouncement alludes to them as colleagues and advances a more group arranged condition. We could state that RUP is progressively bureaucratic and SCRUM is increasingly just. Step by step instructions to refer to Rup versus Scrum, Papers

The Body Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Body - Assignment Example 571). The idea of being in an expo resembles a fixation in the general public, going past the limits of tutoring and social morals, where the vast majority of them are equipped towards associating of womens bodies (Anderson-Fye, 2004, p. 572). The community’s point of view is slanted towards satisfying the travelers and many will take the necessary steps to look great to them by getting more slender bodies. This fever makes even guardians urge their little girls to get more slender and satisfy the numerous sightseers visiting the nation (Anderson-Fye, 2004, p. 579). Further, the strip clubs frequented by voyagers favor more slender ladies and along these lines young ladies are urged to eat less to show signs of improvement pay and acknowledgment to them (Anderson-Fye, 2004, p. 580). The vacationers are an inspiration towards showing signs of improvement self-perceptions as a guarantee of business and other future profession benefits like the danger of Kara. The degree of network in the worldwide scene has to be sure impacted the substantial parts of the individuals in the nation. Most young ladies who have gone on trips in different nations have been impacted to take up their attributes, in the case of the United States (Anderson-Fye, 2004, p. 586). Further, the interconnectivity through media has additionally impacted the body parts of the individuals in the manner that outside impacts decide their perspectives towards body size (Anderson-Fye, 2004, p.

Come on, lets go food truckin

Come on, let’s go food truckin’ DID YOU KNOW? The Natural History Museum in London has a giant squid on display with 20-foot-long tentacles. Last night in my dorm we had a going-away potluck dinner for Julian, whos heading back to France on Friday morning, which featured a stunning international menu. I had this great Portuguese rice dish made with salt cod, a cheesy risotto, some Swedish meatballs (made by a real Swede!), a professional-looking German chocolate cake, a French pasta salad (huh?) and a metric ton of scallion pancakes made by Ling 07, who hails from Taiwan by way of New Jersey. And me? Well, I only found out about the dinner about two hours before it started, so I set out to make a great American delicacy: Sloppy Joes. Sams Mom and I have actually always called this ground beef and tomato sauce sandwich barbecue, but I called it Sloppy Joe in front of the Europeans to avoid confusion, and because I thought it sounded more American. Now, I usually like to make something more complicated for potlucks, but I was limited in time, ingredients, and cooking implements, and it seemed like a pretty easy thing to make on zero notice. Basically, I browned some beef with onions, poured in two cans of tomatoes, dumped in half a bottle of grill seasoning, which is the only spice that I have bought all summer, and let the whole thing simmer for two hours. It turned out alright and went over pretty well, even though nobody quite got the hang of using the meat to make a sandwich and then putting barbecue potato chips inside of it like a real American would do (Cheez-Its are even better, but you cant find them in Germany). The general consensus was that it was pretty similar to a Bolognese sauce for pasta, except a little spicier. But the quote of the evening, for me at least, came when Andreas from Germany got my attention from across the hallway to ask Hey Sam! What did you call this again? Slappy Doc? Yes, thats worthy of a second-rate 1950s sitcom, I think. And so amidst all this sumptuous international food, I thought to myself, Hey, the 10s are getting to campus just about now, maybe I should give them the word up on where some of the best places to get food are. So here are five of my favorite everyday things to eat on campus, so you dont fall victim to ordering overpriced pizzas at Alpine Bagel (do they even still exist?) or going to some other dorms dining hall and paying $10 for a three-course dinner. I love lists. 1. Small chicken burrito from Annas Taqueria, no cheese, black beans, lettuce, salsa, hot sauce, and guacamole if you can afford the extra 55 cents. I have somehow convinced myself that Annas is actually pretty healthyat least you know that the ingredients are fresh, and nothing is really too fatty as long as you skip the cheese. 2. Brown rice from Steam Cafe. For 75 cents you get as much brown rice as you can fit on a plate! Its hands-down the best calorie-per-dollar ratio you can find anywhere in Boston, and an invaluable source of carbs for marathon training. I usually get a small soup or entree to go with my gargantuan plate of riceSteam Cafe offers two of each per day, one vegetarian and one meat. They change every day, so I can usually find something that looks good among the four choices, but its becoming more difficult due to their recent trend of putting escarole in everything. 3. Peanut satay tofu from Goosebearys (the pan-Asian food truck behind building 68) with brown rice for 50 cents extra. They only offer it about a few times a week, but on other days the viet curry tofu is great, too. You get the tofu, some fresh steamed vegetables, a giant hunk of rice, and sometimes even a little salad for only $4. Goosebearys actually makes some of the best tofu dishes Ive ever had. And if you dont like tofu, teriyaki chicken also rocks. And some days when Im not too hungry I get two banh bao. OH WAIT, but dont ever miss the Fried Chicken Wontons when they have those on special! I love Goosebearys. 4. Falafel from the Middle Eastern food truck at 77 Mass Ave. If you buy 7 falafels, you get the eighth one free! How bad could that be? Everything at this food truck is pretty good, but beware of a similar truck behind building 68I got violently ill from their chicken shawarma one time. 5. Turkey sub on wheat from LaVerdes. Not for lunch, because the line is always too long, and Annas is both faster and less cramped. But on those days when Ive been on campus for 12 hours or so and dont feel like opening up the fridge after my 6.002 lab, nothing is more comforting than a LaVerdes sub and some kettle chips with black pepper. Also, take note: La Verdes has made a chicken parmesan sub for over 10 years but never thought to put it on the sub menu. The only way you would ever find out about it is by reading the bulletin board outside, where people ask Why dont you make a chicken parm sub? and LaVerdes answers We have made them since 198x! Just ask! Other than these all the Building 68 foodtrucks are pretty good except the Middle Eastern one. The Tex-Mex one has nice mole enchiladas. The Italian one has tasty pizza for $1 a slice after 2:30 and decent, large subs for $3 on Fridays. The Building 4 Cafe is an okay choice for coffee or breakfast pastry, but their sandwiches and stuff are a little expensive unless youre really in a hurry between classes. Rebeccas Cafe and Au Bon Pain in Kendall Square are good places to go if youve got friends around, but usually I just want to grab something quick and get back into lab if I dont have class. Some places I never eat on campus include: the Stata Center cafeteria (their sandwiches and pizza are good, but a little too expensive when the food trucks are 50 yards away), Lobdell in the student center (Ive heard that its gotten a lot better, but none of my classes are near the student center and by the time I get over there I usually just get Annas), the Chinese food truck at 77 Mass Ave (looks a little greasy for me), the food court in Kendall Square (a little more expensive and not much better than the nearby food trucks) and BioCafe (overpriced, but you can bring your food truck lunch inside when its cold!). Wow, I eat at food trucks a lot. Probably because all Chemical Engineering classes are a two minute walk away from them.

Personal Narrative Of My Life - 956 Words

Personal Narrative Life has always been the opposite of predictable. Twists and turns are abundant during a person’s time on this earth. It has often been compared to a rollercoaster, and I believe that there is validity in that. At one point, when it seems like the ride can only continue in the upwards direction, it goes spiraling down faster than one can register. In that moment, it seems as though every good thing in one’s life comes crashing down in a domino-like fashion. Each great piece of your life is replaced with difficulties and concerns that can easily drive you insane. At times, we all want to get off of this rollercoaster called life, but the only way out is one that shouldn’t be taken lightly. Unfortunately, children aren’t spared from the effects of hard times, either, and one of the hardest things that a child can go through is watching their parents to get a divorce. Living in a broken family for so many years is a funny thing to look back on. Behind closed doors, the yelling and arguments can continue for hours, days, or even weeks. However, the moment that a guest steps through that door, or the family must venture out into the public light, troubles hidden within the house are quietly swept into the closet for the time being. In public, they are the ideal family unit, smiling and laughing and acting as though there are no troubles in this world which can touch them. If that family is well versed in posturing, no one outside of the unit can possiblyShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : My Life885 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative Have you ever had something happen to you that changed your life forever? Something that you will never forget. It’s something that makes you who you are whether it is good or bad to makes you special. I know it’s hard to believe that one event could change your whole life but I promise you it can. A major life changing event happened to me on July 20th, 2011. This is the day that my youngest sister Carly was born. On this day my whole life was changed and it will never be theRead MorePersonal Narrative Of My Life1098 Words   |  5 Pages Personal Narrative There stood the school that I would go to for the next three years of my life. From what I could see on the map, the school was prodigious.There were two-story buildings around me, and I stood by one. I felt like a mouse compared to the vast school. Cool air brushed against my face as I analyzed the school.I was standing near eight planters, with my schedule and a school map in my hand.Up ahead of me, I could see cars passing by, dropping kids off to school.A lot of studentsRead MorePersonal Narrative Of My Life961 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative One day in mid-November, I thought that one of the worst days in my life had come. I walked into my parent’s room, and I found my mother rushing to gather things to go somewhere. Curiously, I asked my mom where she was going, and why she was in such a rush. My mom said, â€Å"Julia was in a bad car accident on the way home from school and is headed to the hospital. I’m going up there to see if there is anything I can do to help.† Immediately many questions came to my mind, but I knewRead MorePersonal Narrative In My Life1322 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Narrative   Ã‚  Ã‚   Where do we go when we have nothing on our minds? Where do we go when we go quiet? I can not be the one to tell you. My mind is always focused on the next and can never stay put. My mind is like Hong Kong (most densely populated place on Earth) during a rush hour. It’s a room full of commotion and noise that can’t find the escape door. It’s fun at times, but unbearable when all you want to do is shut yourself out from the world and relax. I can’t pay attention in my classesRead MoreMy Personal Narrative Of My Life1261 Words   |  6 PagesThis will be a long personal narrative about my current stressful life. Before, I came down to the University of Georgia to work with the football team my life back in East Lansing, Michigan was quite peaceful. However, I will admit I was still overly stressed with the endless amount of coursework I had, but I still had time to relax or had time to be bored and question what I should do with my time. Now tak ing all of my credits online and working 12-15 hour days, then traveling to the games on SaturdayRead MoreMy Personal Narrative Of My Life1530 Words   |  7 PagesMy Personal Narrative   Ã‚  Ã‚   One event from my life that I always remember is when I was first starting school. I was wearing a Bright Blue Basketball Shirt and a pair of Bright Blue Basketball Shorts. I woke up very early that day. When my sisters finally woke up they got ready and we went outside to wait for the bus. When the bus came my mom wanted to get pictures of us. So when we arrived at school I went to class. I was extremely nervous but when my teacher told us her name I laughed. She told usRead MoreMy Personal Narrative Of My Life1286 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal Narrative The date was October 8, 2014, 2 days after my birthday. One of the realest quotes I heard was â€Å"Don’t trust a soul† and i should have listened. It started out as any other day, mom was mad me for one reason or another, dad was sitting on the couch like always playing the â€Å"Call of Duty†. I was a Saturday so of course I tried to sleep in but my dad love playing his game with the sound on high it really out under my skin. Think about it you re sleeping in your bed and all of aRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Life And Life2126 Words   |  9 Pagessit in my back yard looking at the fireworks, my brothers and sister all outside with me were having fun. It had me thinking about my life and thinking why I couldn’t be happy and why my parents couldn’t just be there for me when I needed them the most†¦things were about to get very bad and hard for me. I can just feel my life is about to go through a downfall and I just wonder will I be able to get through it. To being with, the first time is when I was only 14 years old I had gone to my friend’sRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Life And Life2126 Words   |  9 Pagessit in my back yard looking at the fireworks, my brothers and sister all outside with me were having fun. It had me thinking about my life and thinking why I couldn’t be happy and why my parents couldn’t just be there for me when I needed them the most†¦things were about to get very bad and hard for me. I can just feel my life is about to go through a downfall and I just wonder will I be able to get through it. To being with, the first time is when I was only 14 years old I had gone to my friend’sRead MorePersonal Narrative My Life Essay578 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Narrative My Life I never really thought about where my life was going. I always believed life took me where I wanted to go, I never thought that I was the one who took myself were I wanted to go. Once I entered high school I changed the way I thought. This is why I chose to go to college. I believe that college will give me the keys to unlock the doors of life. This way I can choose for myself where I go instead of someone choosing for me. I have chosen to go to the local community

Essay on Political Correctness Has Gone Too Far - 1134 Words

Political Correctness has Gone Too Far The â€Å"Politically Correct† movement’s purpose is to bring historically condescending terms, offensive music and art, and controversial educational content to an end and replace them with more positive and less-offending references. Offensive and demoralizing efforts are wrong, but the censorship and deletion of words and phrases that do not contain the intention to demoralize are taking political correctness too far. Politically correct (or â€Å"PC†) antics have created a social decline that is growing worse with each generation, specifically regarding areas of art, education, language, and our right to freedom of speech; the degradation they have brought to the American psyche has even led to†¦show more content†¦The word snowman is not offensive by any means. It was not created with an intension to offend, demean, or label any group. But the new term for snowman is snowperson. Frosty the Snowman, the children’s tale that familiarized Americ a with the term snowman, was originally created as a Christmas song. (â€Å"Frosty the Snowman was a Tin Pan Alley novelty created by Jack Nelson and Steve Rollins in 1950.† Wikipedia online Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowman ) . It was not a story of a snow-woman. It was a story of a snowman. The name snowperson suggests that it is unisex, and to consider Frosty as unisex would numb the creative aspects of our holiday song and children’s stories of Frosty the Snowman. This is an overly sensitive effort to stop a word that has no offensive connotation and kill its creative and historical meaning. However, many groups claim that political correctness in society is justified in its efforts to sanitize offensive material created though years of oppressing minorities. What was originally a noble idea, to remove blatant words of offensive meaning, has turned into an â€Å"over the top† effort to rid any words of possible controversy. We are regulating our ways of plain speaking, freedom of choice, and freedom of speech. Laws of restrictions on slander and public decency should be decided on the common law methodology and not by the interests of the liberal â€Å"mob†. If plain speaking is not allowed, clear thinking isShow MoreRelatedPolitical Correctness Has Gone Too Far1156 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical correctness has gone too far The Politically Correct movements purpose is to bring historically condescending terms, offensive music and art, and controversial educational content to an end and replace them with more positive and less-offending references. Offensive and demoralizing efforts are wrong, but the censorship and deletion of words and phrases that do not contain the intention to demoralize are taking political correctness too far. Politically correct (or PC) antics haveRead MoreSpeech On Political Correctness1620 Words   |  7 PagesGood morning ladies and gentlemen, thank you so much for being present with us today. Me and my fellow group members are on the opposition team and strongly believe that Political Correctness has NOT gone too far and that in fact it is much needed in today s society.   Political Correctness is defined in the dictionary as â€Å"the avoidance, often considered as taken to extremes, of forms of expression or action that are perceived to exclude, marginalize, or insult groups of people who are socially disadvantagedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Freedom Of Speech758 Words   |  4 Pages We as United States citizens have become too sensitive to the negativity that has been put upon us. In todays world people are going to be offended and there are things that should offend us. My point is not that it’s alright to offend people; offending someone on purpose is just wrong. However to seek to ban the offensive opinions of others is an assault on freedom of speech and freedom of thought. This belief has disrupted our education process, made us lose our sense of security, and it’s killingRead MoreFinding The Middle Ground : Freedom Of Expression Versus Political Correctness Essay2120 Words   |  9 PagesFinding the Middle Ground: Freedom of Expression versus Political Correctness â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances,† (â€Å"The Bill of Rights: A Transcription). Arguably one of the most important amendments, the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United StatesRead MoreMy First Time Hearing About The People s Mind1642 Words   |  7 Pagesthe other person’s mind, and that can go two ways in people’s mind, either they can laugh it off and act like they don’t care or it can hurt them bad and make them want to cry. Most of the time if people hold it in they really care but their pride is too high for them to say anything to the person. So that can end up messing up their mind by causing them to have bad thoughts about every little thing somebody says to them. When people let out how th e microaggression hurt them, I believe they get a senseRead More Is Charles Perrault’s Little Red Riding Hood Relevant to the Modern World?1470 Words   |  6 Pagesother choice†¦and lastly, various oppressed social groups, recognizing that they would also like a seat on their starship to salvation, have fought for their civil rights and equality through various social reform movements. A side effect, political correctness, is the attempt to rid the English language of any terms, phrases, or expressions that would encourage our society to remain rooted in its biased theories of the past. Thus, we are now at an age where a maxim is placed upon the empowermentRead MoreAnalysis Of Donald Trump s View On Political Issues And Lack Of Experience Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagesof strength in free speech. This is his only trait that carries him despite his blatant lack of knowledge on political issues and lack of experience. Donald Trump’s supporters follow him because he speaks his mind, but any sane individual should be vehemently opposed to Donald Trump being president. Donald Trump lies with such ease and tramples on free press and free speech, even going as far as stating he will change the laws that we already have in place. We cannot accept Donald Trump to become aRead MoreComparing Orwells 1984 to Todays Government Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pages 1984 has come and gone. The cold war is over. The collapse of oppressive totalitarian regimes leads to the conclusion that these governments by their nature generate resistance and are doomed to failure. The fictional world of George Orwells novel, 1984, is best described as hopeless; a nightmarish dystopia where the omnipresent State enforces perfect conformity among members of a totalitarian Party through indoctrination, propaganda, fear, and ruthless punishment. In the aftermath of the fallRead MoreWhy Doesn t A Stock Exchange Trade Ebola?940 Words   |  4 Pagesultimately the concept could leaving the conventional banks wondering whether they can grab a pizza slice of the action - hungry for success; trying to get rid of their obsolete currencies giving away hundred of thousands of pounds to anyone who has pizzas. One of the issues is the possibility of fraud; I say this earnestly because I ve had unpalatable pizzas, made by spotty teenagers who did it for pocket money. Goodness what the pizza would taste like if pizzas were made by suited corporates;Read MoreShould Women Be Allowed During Combat The Us Armed Forces?1561 Words   |  7 PagesCombat in the US Armed Forces? Women have be in combat situations in Iraq and Afghanistan since September 11, 2001, and at least 88 of our mothers, daughter and sister have been brutally killed. (Ashley Fantz, CNN) Society has gone overboard when it comes to politically correctness. Men and women are not equal, equal means to be the same, identical. Men and women are totally not equal. I believe women should have equal pay for equal work, but to send our women to fight other men on the battlefield is

Social Science Study Guide Free Essays

Study Guide: Intro to Social Sciences Anthropology: * How culture contributes to the make-up of humanity * Science of people (origin, classification, distribution, races, physical character, culture) * Emphasis on cultural relativity, in-depth examination of context and cross-cultural comparisons * Anthropologists: Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead * Both quantitative and qualitative methods of research * Fields: Biological/physical anthropology, Sociocultural anthropology, archaeology, anthropological linguistics Sociology: Studies the actions of members within a specific society * How people organize themselves in groups, institutions and associations * Fields: Demography, criminology, gender studies, social stratification * Sociologists: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, George H. Mead * Both quantitative and qualitative research methods Psychology: * Science of mental processes of a group/individual * Used in counselling to business * Fields: Developmental psychology, abnorm al psychology, clinical psychology, social psychology, organization psychology, cognitive psychology, personality, neuroscience. Psychologists: Sigmund Freud, Ivan Pavlov, B. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Science Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, John B Watson Sociology * One area of society affects another directly or indirectly * Ideology of society influences marriage, economics, love, freedom, politics * Sociologists seek to make sense of the beliefs and values of the personalities interacting within the complex society that is continually being recreated. KARL MARX (1818-1883) * Study society using a scientific method to try to predict social outcomes (Marxist theory) * Production is essential for the advancement of society A few individuals will control the majority of the resources and production * Conflict in his theory: division of social class one person’s status is elevated while other workers are forced to make money. * Labour Theory of Value: human productive power will be exploited in order to maximize profits for the bourgeois. * Proletariat produces goods valued at more than they are being paid rich getting richer. * Money is the driving force in our society * Businesses are exploiters, cannot see positive nature of the bourgeois TALCOTT PARSONS (Structural Functionalism) * As much as things change they stay the same Believed society will create structures within itself that will help with its basic functioning requirements * Our society will work to achieve a homeostasis where equilibrium is achieved * Every aspect of society contributes to the successful function of another aspect. (Relies on each other) * When a system breaks down, it is necessary for other components in society to take over or assist the malfunctioning social structure. * Ex: Legal system * Structural functionalism: Does NOT look at social change; deals with the maintenance of a society (seeks normality, equilibrium). GEORGE H. MEAD (Symbolic Interactionism) * Symbolic interactionism: Focuses on how humans interpret (define) each other’s actions. Their response is based on the meaning which they attach to such actions (not the actions directly). * Individuals learn and react from interactions within a society. * People influence their surroundings and shape the development of a society. * Society shapes the individual as he/she is shaping the society. * Analyses from the â€Å"standpoint of communication as essential to the social order†, not individual psychology. FEMINISM Liberal Feminists: Examine social institutions, equal access to increase women’s influence on society. * Radical Feminists: Focus on the exploitation of women. Seek to change the patriarchal social structure through complete structural changes. * Marxist Feminists: Focus on women’s labour being underpaid. * Social Feminists: Focus on the overthrow of the capitalism; believe it is the root problem of inequality of sexes. Fields Demography * Demography is the scientific study of human populations-their size, composition and distribution across an area. * Fertility, mortality, and migration. These three processes influence how people inhabit the earth, form nations and societies, and how they develop culture. Criminology * Criminology is the study of the criminal justice system and the law enforcement from a social and individual perspective. * Focuses on the behaviour which may have caused the criminal to violate a law, and seeks its influences, whether it is psychological, social or cultural. Gender Studies * Gender studies seeks to analyse gender identity and gendered representation in the fields of psychology, political science, sociology, media studies, human development etc. Gender studies investigates the physical and biological gender differences between sexes, nationality etc. Psychology * Study of human behaviour. * Examines actions, responses, how someone reacts under specific conditions, how this individual affects society. SIGMUND FREUD * Creator of psychoanalysis * Human behaviour is driven by desires and the suppression of these desires. * Mind has three a reas: Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious * Personality is motived by drives= Id (part of the unconscious mind) * Superego= socially conscious of all decisions Ego= mediator between Id and Superego * Too much Id= not worry about social responsibilities; engage in dangers, breaking social rules. * Too much Superego= too uptight, too worried about social expectations and rules * Freud view human development as progressing through stages of development where the main conflict deals with an erogenous zone of the body. * Human development is understood in terms of changing focuses of sexual desire. B. F SKINNER (Operant Conditioning) * Interested in outward behaviour; believed that our personality develops because of external events. He used a rat experiment to show the idea of positive reinforcement; praise for good behaviour has the highest chance for producing long-term behaviour change. * Humans develop their behaviours due to a set of rewards that promote activities being repeated and reinforced. * Skinner believes that Operant Conditioning is good tool to promote an individual to make changes in their behaviour. IVAN PAVLOV (Classical Conditioning) * He wanted to see how the mind could be conditioned to make the body respond to the possibility of an event occurring. * Ex: Salivation reaction of a dog to a meat powder ERIK ERIKSON (development stages table) Believed that at a certain stage of someone’s life there are tasks (milestones) to achieve in order to have a healthy development. * Unlike Freud, he believed that a person can pass through a stage and not get â€Å"stuck† at a certain level of psychological development. Fields Developmental psychology: Developmental psychology is the science of studying developmental growth in humans over the course of their life span-from conception until death. Neuroscience: Neuroscience psychology is an interdisciplinary field which applies the knowledge and study of the nervous system, including the brai n, spinal cord and networks of sensory nerve cells. Abnormal psychology (deviance): Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies deviant (unusual) behaviour, emotion and thought. Personality psychology: Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that strives to determine how different personality traits and tendencies influence our thoughts, behaviour and actions and makes each human unique. Clinical psychology: Clinical psychology is a branch of psychology which applies scientific, theoretic and clinical knowledge in order to assess, prevent, predict and to treat abnormal behaviour, ysfunction or mental disorders in order to improve the individual’s well-being and personal growth. Social psychology: Social psychology is the study of individuals’ thoughts, feelings and behaviour and how they perceive and influence others. Organizational psychology: Organizational psychology is the scientific study of employees, workplaces and businesses. Cognitive psychology: Cognitive psychology is a branch of psyc hology which studies the mental processes including how people learn, remember, think, perceive and solve problems. Anthropology * Science of studying people and their culture. Anthropologists pose important questions concerning the continuation of poverty, racism, violence, and social inequality around the world. FUNCTIONALISM (Margaret Mead) * Understanding how social institutions fill social needs. * Every custom or practice in society provides a form of stability for the entire system. * All aspects of a society—institutions, roles, norms, etc. —serve a purpose and that all are indispensable for the long-term survival of the society. * Having established laws, customs, and agreed upon practices provides a sense of predictability and stability within a society. In order to understand a society, researchers must understand the function of social institutions and their respective contributions to the stability to their society. * A critique of functionalism is that al l institutions are considered to provide stability, when this is not the case. * Ex: The presence of family violence produces instability in the culture with a difference in power among the different sexes. STRUCTURALISM * Reinforcement of a norm or a value increases the acceptance of the practice within a given society. * Cultures, viewed as systems, are analyzed in terms of the structural relations among their elements. Structuralists believe that meaning is produced and reproduced within a culture through activities and various practices that show their significance. * For example, North American society values the concept of romantic love and close friendship. This social idea is reinforced through media and national celebrations. Ex Valentine’s Day. * Different societies’ institutions reinforce different values. Fields Biological/physical anthropology: Biological anthropologists seek to understand how humans have evolved and what affect that has had on our behavio ur. Sociocultural anthropology: Sociocultural anthropology examines social patterns and practices by studying and comparing human societies across the world. Archaeology: Archaeology is the study of past people, cultures, and civilizations through the analysis of material remain, ranging from artefacts and evidence of past environments to architecture. Linguistic Anthropology: Linguistics is the study of languages; how they are formed, evolved, and how it has interacted and contributed to a culture. How to cite Social Science Study Guide, Essay examples

Elevated Risk for HIV Infection †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Elevated Risk for HIV Infection. Answer: Introduction: The HIV is a retrovirus which infects the cells inside the immune systems thus altering or damaging their ability to function. Sub Saharan Arica still continues to bear the largest burden of HIV burden. Some of the most common routes of HIV transmission include heterosexual intercourse, female sex worker, injection drug use, and mother to child transmission (Awoleye, Thron, 2015). There is a growing need to shift the perception of HIV risk to be in a way that an individual person views HIV as being influenced by politics, culture, social, and economic determinants (Ho Holloway, 2016). There are very many social as well as economic factors like education, marital status and wealth accumulation which are known to affect the rate of managing HIV infections. Considering the numerous effects that HIV infection causes, it is crucial for the government and other stakeholders to come up with programs which aim at communication, change of behaviors and seeking of medical care services. It i s clear that the effectiveness s of HIV awareness program sis that there is other factor like poor coordination, politics and poor political will (Dube, et al., 2016). Even when considering the people with formal employment, there is stigma as well as fear which causes late disease presentation (Dijkstra et al., 2016). This means that the there are other problems which results from this and includes low survival rates, and more infection rates. Generally, HIV is a viral infection which make the host immune system to be weak. It is among the highest contributor of morbidity, and it is considered to be the sixth cause if mortalities globally. In fact, the life expectancy of an HIV infected people has significant process. This is true because of the effectiveness conferred by the antiretroviral drugs which has enabled many people to cope with HIV infections following the advancement to chronic infections (Barskey et al., 2016). The initial efforts in HIV managements mainly focused on prevention strategies as well as the treatment of symptomatic illnesses. The count of CD4 indicate that there is a high level of immunosuppression. It is therefore evident that early diagnosis of people with HIV leads to an improvement of the effectiveness on the ARVs. Human immunodeficiency virus infects humans and chimpanzees and two thirds of global HIV infection is found in Sub Saharan Africa (UNAIDS, 2006). Generally, HIV infections are life threatening and chronic illnesses which increases the risks of mortality among the infected people. When left untreated, HIV destroys the numbers of white blood cells to a level whereby the infected body cannot fight any type of infections, indicating that any opportunistic infections like cancer, malaria and flue can easily lead to the death of the victim. In most cases, when a person is unable to fight opportunistic infections, there are high chances that the white blood cells count is usually at very low a concentration (Serrano-Villar et al., 2014) It is characterized by acute viremia in excess of five million viral particles per milliliter of serum. It has also been found that HIV among IDUs is transmitted through sharing of needles (Baral et al., 2007). Mortality rates have recently decreased due to the improved effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy. In the year 2013, Kenya had 88,620 new HIV infections among adults and 12,940 among children (NASCOP 2014). In 2012, Mombasa county had an adult HIV prevalence of 11.1 % (NASCOP 2014). Since injection drug use is a common global phenomenon (Dore et al., 2010), infection and transmission of HIV occurs through sharing of contaminated drug injection equipments to either inject or split drugs. Others include risky sexual behaviors like homosexuality, prostitution, unprotected sex and engaging in sexual behaviors under the influence of drugs or in exchange of drugs (Chu et al., 2013). Sub-Saharan Africa contains only 10% of the worlds population and remains the global epicenter of the HIV/AIDS epidemic (UNAIDS, 2006). This is because in 2005, an estimated 24.5 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in this region, whereby 2.7 million people had new viral infections, 930,000 died of AIDS. The report further indicates that in Kenya, 38.7% (278/719) of drug users reached through community outreach were reported to be sharing needles, cookers, filters, rinse water and injection solution. Adoption of a high risk injection practice called flash blood is common among male and female drug users in Tanzania. This is a practice in which an IDU who cannot afford to purchase heroin injects the blood of another IDU who recently injected, in the belief that the blood contains heroin and can prevent withdrawal. In Mombasa, of the 1000 drug users referred through community outreach to HIV counseling and testing, 31.2% (43/138) of IDUs and 6.3% (352/1546) of non-injection drug u sers were HIV positive (Deveau et al., 2006). Some of the abused drugs in this county are heroin, morphine, cocaine and cannabis. Various classes of drugs are used for HIV management. In the class of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, lamivudine, entecavir and emitricitabine are examples. Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors are tenofovir, and adefovir. The class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors includes etravirine, rilpivirine, nevirapine, interferons and efiverenz (Zhan and Liu, 2011). Out of the approximately 16 million IDUs worldwide, 3 million are infected with HIV-1. A study to show the incidence of HIV-1 in a cohort of IDUs in central Sydney showed an HIV-1 incidence of 0.17% per 100 people among 426 initially seronegative IDUs. HIV-1 has two surface proteins (Gp 41 and Gp 120) for viral entry, enzymes (integrase, reverse transcriptase and protease), and two non-covalently linked single stranded RNA genome. It is 9,800 base pairs long and has nine genes: vif, pol, gag, env, tat, rev, bif, vpr and either vpu or vpx. HIV-1 is transmitted via sex with infected persons, mother-to-child, sharing of sharp infected objects, injection drug use, breastfeeding, and blood transfusion. In 2005, of the 820,000 newly HIV-1 infected infants, 360,000 o f them were through breastfeeding by infected mothers. HIV in the United States Dallas, a city in the United States is among the many cities which have a high prevalence for HIV infections. For instance, in the year 2014, Dallas city had more than 16,000 people who were living with HIV, which was a 124% increase since the year 2004 (Dallas County Health and Human Services (2017). The American Africans are the class of people who have recorded the highest cases of HIV infections between the ages of twenty-five to fifty-four years. In the United States for instance, the HIV spread so fast because it was linked too social stigma. Moreover, this pandemic did not receive any support from the government in terms of research funding and treatments by the CDC. Francis, 2012 reports that when the disease begun escalating, there were more than 10,000 cases in the United States. In the year 1990, the United States congress passed an act (Ryan White comprehensive AIDS resource emergency). This act provided more than 220.5 million dollars to support all programs related to c ontrol, research and management of HIV among its people (HRSA 2011). As Holtgrave et al., 2012 reports, the most recent progress in HIV management was the introduction of the national HIV/AIDS strategy during the reign of president Obama. However, it is worth noting that the HIV programs are still not given the necessary support in form of funding that they actually need. All the prevalence of HIV/AIDS has had a remarkable decrease in the cases of this disease in the United States although there are still some problems in terms of program implementation. Acute HIV-1 infection is characterized by appearance of the viral markers and antibodies in blood (Cohen et al., 2011). If left untreated, HIV-1 leads to hyper activation of CD8 and CD4 cells resulting in progression to AID. HIV attacks the white blood cells which are important in fighting infections, and more specifically, the virus attacks the CD4+ cells. The virus attacks these cells and destroys them such that the body can no longer fight infections. At this point when the CD4+ count is very low, the AIDS begins to develop, though this can take varied periods of time. This is the prime reason as to why a person can live with HIV for many years without having developed to AIDS. Chronic HIV-1 infection results in development of several AIDS related cancers associated with human papilloma virus, HBV, hepatitis C virus and herpes simplex virus due to immunosuppression (Guiguet et al., 2009). Kaposis sarcoma (caused by herpes simplex virus) is a cancer that affects the skin due to imm unosuppression in HIV-1 patients. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma consists of lymphoproliferative diseases which affects the brain, lungs and spinal fluid. The most common HIV testing methods are laboratory and rapid tests especially on the fingerprint derived blood sample. The first and the most recommended test is the rapid test which uses the HIV p24 antigens against HIV antibodies (Cohen et al., 2016). For the HIV positive patients, primary care is very crucial role in terms of HIV diagnosis. Therefore, primary care has a role to play in increasing the uptake of HIV diagnostic testing. Dried blood spots for PCR are used in HIV-1 diagnosis in infants to prevent mother to child transmission (Sherman et al., 2005). Screening in children and adults is done using rapid HIV-1 whole blood diagnostic kits such as determine and ungodly which rely on antigen- antibody reactions. HIV-1 viral load determination helps clinicians in making decisions on whether to switch to second line treatment or to prolong the duration of first line treatment regimen. PCR is used to quantify HIV-1 RNA in plasma and it is useful in assessing the antiviral effect s early in infection. Flow cytometry is also used to determine the CD4+ cells count because these cells are involved in viral load decline during primary infection. Nucleotide analogs They are for HIV-1 management and are taken orally (Sung et al., 2008) and they suppress HIV replication by inhibiting DNA polymerase/ reverse transcriptase. Trials of NUCs in HIV patients demonstrate a decrease in viral load, ALT (alanine aminotransferase) levels, and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence. They are more convenient to take than IFN but the eventual development of resistance to these drugs limits their long-term utility. Side effects, which vary by drug, include myopathy and peripheral neuropathy (telbivudine), kidney toxicity and dysfunction (tenofovir and adefovir), decreased bone mineral density (tenofovir), and lactic acidosis in patients with liver disease (entecavir). Lamivudine for example is a synthetic cytosine nucleoside nucleoside analogue with activity against HIV-1, HIV-2 and hepatitis B virus (Sheldon et al., 2005). It is administered for 12 months, that is, 150 milligrams daily. With time, the HBeAg disappears and HBE antibodies appear. Intracellulary, lamivudine is phosphorylates to its active 5-triphosphate metabolite, lamivudine triphosphate (L-TP). L-TP competes with cytosine triphosphates for incorporation into the new DNA strand thereby inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleoside analogue into viral DNA. The HAARTs used to manage HIV-1 are: nucleo(t)side reverse transcriptase inhibitors (lamivudine, efavirenz, combivir, trizivir, truvada, abacavir, zidovudine and emtricitabine), no nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz, etravirine, nevirapine) and oral combination pills (atripla and eviplera), (Sidibe et al., 2014). HIV vaccine is in the process of development. This process is facing challenges such as lack of validated animal model, varied HIV-1 structure and lack of natural protective immune against HIV-1 (Koff et al., 2013). Current vaccine development focuses on chrystallographic structure of HIV-1 envelope, such that the vaccine will effectively present the viral epitope to the immune system. Even though the United States government has been distributing the ARV drugs to the people, these drugs might not be of much help especially if the patients do not understand on how to use them well. Lack of treatment adherence is a consequence stigma and long incubation period thus making treatment to be difficult. Although the ARVs have contributed to the management of the disease, the long incubation period allows people to live with the virus for so long without any symptoms. Moreover, there is none of the drugs which is made to cure, but they contain the condition. As such, the people are advised to take care of their sexual behaviors and dietary needs. Despite the fact that HIV is considered to be a global pandemic, there are some prevention programs and strategies which have been implemented and for sure they are achieving significant results in terms of reducing the infection and transmission rates. According to the UNAIDS 2010 report, within the last ten years, there has been a remarkable decline in the number of new HIV infections (World Health Organization, 2016). Although there are several prevention programs which have been put in place, these programs suffer from several weaknesses. Basically, the main aims of these prevention programs are lowering the rates of individual infections, and to monitor and bring to controls the various factors that are associated with HIV such as social, political, legal, and economical factors which make some groups of people to be more vulnerable to HIV infection than others in the same community or population. When such programs have weak investments in terms of planning, evaluation and moni toring, then they might not achieve the set out objectives. Combination prevention programs This method provides good prospects that are useful in addressing some common weaknesses reported in HIV prevention programs. This combination method has been useful in reducing the incidences of HIV infections and spread in varied settings. However, this program depends heavily on the evidence, strategic, and informed use of structural, behavioral and biomedical methodologies (Jones et al., 2014). The combinational approaches are able to achieve effectiveness among individuals, communities and the general society because it is able to address diverse needs of the people with respect to HIV. The success rate of the combination prevention programs is based on the inclusive, transparent, and open programs which are able to engage various stakeholders like the communities, individuals, and governments in making analysis of the risk factors that make people vulnerable to HIV infections. It is also worth noting that the combinational approach helps in building common sense as well as a fe eling of being accountable as far as HIV infections prevention is concerned. It is therefore important that the National AIDS authorities use all the available sources of data to come up with a geographical distribution of new infections and the prevalence of existing infections so as to help in formulating useful priorities. During the process of planning for the HIV programs, the affected communities should be actively involved so as to determine the underlying risk factors and make them active participant in the prevention processes. In some regions especially the developing countries, gender plays a big role in in terms of discrimination, unequal wealth distribution, and violation of human rights of the people vulnerable to HIV infections (Anderson et al., 2014). Moreover, the health program facilitators involved in HIV prevention programs need to use a common language to organize their schedule and from time to time, they need to carry out program evaluation based on well-defined procedures. Most adults suffering from HIV live in isolation and hence lack social support. Therefore, such people score little on social networks as well as the level of social support that they get from friends and family members (Volk et al..2015). Most HIV positive patients lack social support because they fear stigma, adopt disclosure and aim at being self-reliant. However, these factors in older HIV positive patients may be affected by gender, races, route of exposure and the duration of infection. Another humiliated cause of HIV is that it causes loss of friends by the victims due to low social networks. It is important to note also that the loneliness and self-perceived support that the HIV patients face affects their health outcomes especially among the older adults who are on treatment. On the other hand, social support among people infected with HIV are associated with adherence to medication, moods and wellbeing (Weiler, 2016). When such patients are offered nonpharmacologic support, this can help them lower the levels of depression. Prevention and healthcare maintenance In order to prevent the increased HIV spread, it is recommended that primary care screening is performed based on age consideration (Probst et al., 2017). The patients should also be asked to refrain from dangerous practices like smoking, and use of alcohol through guidance and counselling. It is however recommended that top level caution is taken during the process of screening especially old patients who might have eco-morbidities and polypharmacies. This is because there could arise some complications during the treatment of these comorbidities and hence the patient may get more harm than the expected benefits. The HIV infected patients can also manage their depression and possible development of opportunistic diseases by use of an alarm clock, urging them to seek social support services and educating patients on the diet and nutrition. The patients can also be counselled so that they can effectively attend the follow ups at the health facilities nearer them so that they can raise their adherence levels. When HIV is being treated at early, late or chronic stages, the health care professionals, need to make discussions that take note of the student preferences of medications as directed by the law. However, for patients who are in the advanced stages of care, there is a need to avoid prolonged hospitalizations and maintenance of patient dependence. The transmission of HIV virus from one person to another especially from a terminal disease to a chronic and manageable disease is a clear indication that there is significant increase in HIV treatment. In fact, the most identified problem associated with HIV infection is the management of the aging patients. Although there are many similarities between the HIV infected and negative patients, there distinct properties and problems such as polypharmacy, social isolation, care integration and end of life plans. Although big and commendable advances have been made concerning the treatment and management of the people suffering from HIV, there has been a common observation that there is a large proportion of women who are still living with this health condition (Shisana et al., 2015). This means that gender and stereotypes need to be evaluated to determine why some of these conditions predispose a certain proportion of people in the sane community as compared to others (Probst et al., 2017). As a result, it is crucial if the stakeholders and health care givers develop a holistic understanding of the impacts of HIV to the society. As such, the research and management program funders are required to raise their funds while scientific and health research is advanced. This would lead to development in the markers and coming up with policies and health services to take care if the women who are infected with HIV. This will in turn reduce the rate of stigmatization thus enhancing the patients healt h outcomes. References Anderson, S. J., Cherutich, P., Kilonzo, N., Cremin, I., Fecht, D., Kimanga, D., ... Dybul, M. (2014). Maximising the effect of combination HIV prevention through prioritisation of the people and places in greatest need: a modelling study. The Lancet, 384(9939), 249-256. Awoleye, O. J., Thron, C. (2015). Determinants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Nigeria: A synthesis of the literature. Journal of AIDS and HIV Research, 7(9), 117-129. Baral, S., Sifakis, F., Cleghorn, F., and Beyrer, C. (2007). Elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in low-and middle-income countries 20002006: a systematic review. Journal of Public Library of Science medicine, 4(12), e339. Barskey, A. E., Surendera Babu, A., Hernandez, A., Espinoza, L. (2016). Patterns and trends of newly diagnosed HIV infections among adults and adolescents in correctional and noncorrectional facilities, United States, 20082011. American journal of public health, 106(1), 103-109. Chu, J. J, Wrmann, T., Popp, J., Ptzelt, G., Akmatov, M. K., Krmer, A., and Reintjes, R. (2013). Changing epidemiology of Hepatitis B and migrationa comparison of six Northern and North-Western European countries. The European Journal of Public Health, 23(4), 642-647. Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., ... Godbole, S. V. (2016). Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(9), 830-839. Cohen, S., Shaw, M., McMichael, J., and Haynes, F. (2011). Acute HIV-1 infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(20), 1943-1954. Consequences, and Feasibility of Strategies for Achieving the Goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy in the United States: A Closing Window for Success? Report. Dallas County Health and Human Services (2017). HIV and STI statistics. Retrieved from https://www.dallascounty.org/department/hhs/stdstats.html Deveau, C., Levine, B., and Beckerleg, S. (2006). Heroin Use in Kenya and Findings from a Community Based Outreach Programme to Reduce the Spread of HIV/AIDS. African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies, 5(2), 95-106. Dijkstra, M., Bruisten, S., Hoornenborg, E., Hogewoning, A., de Vries, H., van der Loeff, M. S., ... de Bree, G. (2016). Implementation of a rapid HIV-1 RNA test in diagnosing acute HIV infections among visitors of the Amsterdam clinic of sexually transmitted infections. Journal of Clinical Virology, 82, S7-S8. Dore, J., Hellard, M., Matthews,V., Grebely, J., Haber, S., Petoumenos, K., and Kaldor, M. (2010). Effective treatment of injecting drug users with recently acquired hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology, 138(1), 123-135. Dube, B. N. R., Marshall, T. P., Ryan, R. P. (2016). Predictors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in primary care: a systematic review protocol. Systematic reviews, 5(1), 158. Francis, Donald P. (2012). "Deadly AIDS Policy Failure by the Highest Levels of the US Government: A Personal Look Back 30 Years Later for Lessons to Respond Better to Future Epidemics."Journal of Public Health Policy33: 290-300. Guiguet, M., Bou, F., Cadranel, J., Lang, M., Rosenthal, E., and Costagliola, D. (2009). Effect of immunodeficiency, HIV viral load, and antiretroviral therapy on the risk of individual malignancies. The lancet oncology, 10(12), 1152-1159. Haddad, R., Martinelli, A., Uyemura, S., and Yokosawa, J. (2010). Hepatitis B virus genotyping among chronic hepatitis B patients with resistance to treatment with lamivudine in the City of Ribeiro Preto, State of So Paulo. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 43(3), 224-228. Ho, S. S., Holloway, A. (2016). The impact of HIV?related stigma on the lives of HIV?positive women: an integrated literature review. Journal of clinical nursing, 25(1-2), 8-19. Holtgrave, David R., Irene Hall, Laura Wehrmeyer, and Cathy Maulsby. (2012). Costs, HRSA, (2011). HRSA 200 press releases. Retrieved from https://www.hrsa.gov/about/news/press-releases/2011/index.html Jones, A., Cremin, I., Abdullah, F., Idoko, J., Cherutich, P., Kilonzo, N., ... Schwartlander, B. (2014). Transformation of HIV from pandemic to low-endemic levels: a public health approach to combination prevention. The Lancet, 384(9939), 272-279. Koff, C., Russell, D., Walport, M., Feinberg, B., Shiver, W., Karim, A., and Nabel, J. (2013). Accelerating the development of a safe and effective HIV vaccine: HIV vaccine case study for the Decade of Vaccines. Vaccine, 31, B204-B208. NASCOP 2014. Kenya AIDS progress report. Probst, C., Simbayi, L. C., Parry, C. D., Shuper, P. A., Rehm, J. (2017). Alcohol use, socioeconomic status and risk of HIV infections. AIDS and Behavior, 21(7), 1926-1937. Serrano-Villar, S., Prez-Elas, M. J., Dronda, F., Casado, J. L., Moreno, A., Royuela, A., ... Quereda, C. (2014). Increased risk of serious non-AIDS-related events in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy associated with a low CD4/CD8 ratio. PloS one, 9(1), e85798. Sheldon, J., Camino, N., Rods, B., Bartholomeusz, A., Kuiper, M., Tacke, F., and Soriano, V. (2005). Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in HIV-coinfected patients treated with tenofovir. Journal of Antiviral Therapy, 10(6), 727. Sherman, G., Stevens, G., Jones, A., Horsfield, P., and Stevens, S. (2005). Dried blood spots improve access to HIV diagnosis and care for infants in low-resource settings. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 38(5), 615-617. Shisana, O., Rehle, T. M., Zuma, K., Hallett, T. B., Carrara, H., Jooste, S., Pillay-van Wyk, V. (2015). A decline in new HIV infections in South Africa: estimating HIV incidence from three national HIV surveys in 2002, 2005 and 2008. Sidib, M., Zuniga, M., and Montaner, J. (2014). Leveraging HIV treatment to end AIDS, stop new HIV infections, and avoid the cost of inaction. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 59(suppl 1), S3-S6. Sung, J., Tsoi, K., Wong, V., Li, K., and Chan, H. (2008). Meta?analysis: treatment of hepatitis B infection reduces risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 28(9), 1067-1077. UNAIDS. (2006). Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Accessed from www.unaids.org. Volk, J. E., Marcus, J. L., Phengrasamy, T., Blechinger, D., Nguyen, D. P., Follansbee, S., Hare, C. B. (2015). No new HIV infections with increasing use of HIV preexposure prophylaxis in a clinical practice setting. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 61(10), 1601-1603. Weiler, G. (2013). Global update on HIV treatment 2013: results, impact and opportunities. World Health Organization. (2016). Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach. World Health Organization. Zhan, P., and Liu, X. (2011). Novel HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a patent review (2005-2010). Expert opinion on therapeutic patents, 21(5), 717-796.

Organisational Devlopment Levels of Diagnosis free essay sample

It is pointless conducting diagnosis at the individual level, because most issues can be addressed at the organization and group level. Discuss. Within modern business practices continual evolution is essential for long term organisational outcomes. With economic pressures, a growing demand for perceptibly social and environmental responsibility and an increasingly focus towards international and worldwide trade, modern organizations are confronted with an almost constant need for change (Waddell, Cummings and Worley, 2007). Thus it is important for leaders to have a sound understanding of change issues and theories (Waddell, 2002). Organisational development (OD) is described as a systematic application of behavioral science knowledge to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational structures, processes and strategies for improving organisational effectiveness (Waddell et al. , 2007). Diagnosis it an integral part of successful OD implementation and is performed on one or more levels including ‘individual’, ‘group’ and ‘organisational’ diagnosis. Thus for successful long term outcomes it is necessary to investigate the role of diagnosis within successful OD implementation, with a focus on ‘individual’ level diagnosis in contrast to both ‘group’ and ‘organisational’. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Devlopment: Levels of Diagnosis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Diagnosis within organisation development is described as an intervention that develops information about the various subsystems of an organisation as well as the patterns and processes that take part in an organisation (Beckhard, 1969). Similarly, Waddell et al. 2007) depict diagnosis as the process of understanding how the organisation is currently functioning, in order to successfully develop change intervention. Thus within modern firms this process develops insight for both the client and OD coordinator into the functioning and efficiency on individual, group and organisational levels. Aldefer and Brown (1975) suggest that the process of diagnosis also serves to motivate organisational members to engage in change. Nadler (1977) reinforces this, depicting that diagnosis provides employees or members with a direction for change. As such, diagnosis within OD has been described as the ‘key’ in developing successful interventions (Burton Obel, 2004). As well the diagnostic process is referred to as collaborative between OD consultant and client (Stacey, 2007), in which the two parties work together to develop action plans for effective change process. Waddell et al. (2007) reinforces this suggesting that the values and ethics that underlie OD suggest that both change agents and organisational members should be involved in developing and implementing appropriate interventions. Organisations, when viewed as open systems can be diagnosed as three levels, including organisation, group and individual (Waddell et al. , (2007). The highest level is the organisational level and includes the design of the organisations structure, strategy and processes. The next level consists of groups or departments within the organisational structure, including group design and interaction devices. The lowest level of organisational diagnosis is the individual level, including job design and personnel characteristics. Todnem (2005) suggest organisational diagnosis can occur at all three levels or it may be limited to problems that occur at a single level. For example, if there was a problem with output resulting from a single job design there would be only need for individual level diagnosis. Similarly Coghlan (1994) illustrates that the key to effective diagnosis is to know what to look for at each level, as well as how the levels affect each other. Waddel et al. (2007) depict the organisational level of diagnosis as the broadest systems perspective that is typically taken in diagnostic activities. This level focuses on the organisation against inputs such as the general environment and industry structure to achieve outputs such as performance, efficiency and stakeholder satisfaction through strategy and organisational design. Todnem (2005) suggests that design components within this level can also include HRM, culture and technology. Similarly the general environment can include a vast amount of extraneous variables including social, technological, economical, ecological and political (Stahl, 1997). Thus this level provides a broad basis for diagnosis within the largest environment. As such this level of diagnosis is most crucial when designing or redesigning action plans focused around the organisation as a whole. These strategies may include organisational goals and objectives, mission or organisational policies. (Waddell et al. (2007). Modern organizations are developing action plans in order to change practices to incorporate environmental and social responsibility. These plans and interventions designed at achieving change include organisational wide strategies, such as redesigning business infrastructure as well as changing major mission values/goals and policies within those companies. An example of integrating effective organisatinoal diagnosis is RIO TINTO’s continual development and change towards more sustainable, environmentally responsible mining processes in order for long term outcomes (RIO TINTO, 2010). Through external forces or inputs they developed and integrated various interventions to remodel major sectors within the firm completely. Thus developing and maintaining successful strategic design requires effective organisational diagnosis. The next level of diagnosis is group, and can apply to both larger operating division of firms such as BHP Billiton, or to smaller departments within organisations (Waddell et al. , 2007). Coghlan (1994) depicts that division or larger groups within such multinational firms generally follow the same dimension and relational fits applicable to organisational level development. Inversely Waddell et al. (2007) suggest that small departments and groups behave differently from larger divisions or organisations and thus require a suitable diagnostic model to reflect those dimensions. As such, group level diagnosis consists of organisational design as an input, resulting in outputs of team effectiveness through design components such as task structure, group functioning, performance norms, group composition and goal clarity. Stahl (1997) describes group diagnosis as relative to a small number of people working face to face on a shared task or program. Laser (1995) suggests supportive organisational design is crucial for effective groups to operate. Harrison and Shirom (1999) reinforce this depicting that group structure and components are highly interrelated to organisational wide strategy and design. Goal clarity is a major design component within group level diagnosis, and refers to how well the group understands its objectives. Waddell et al. (2007) suggest that goals should be understood by all members, moderately challenging, measurable, and monitored and, have structure for providing feedback of achievement. An example may include group targets for sales teams. Stahl (1997) illustrates that goal clarity is of crucial importance to successful group outcomes. Coghlan (1994) reinforces this depicting that clear goals provide motivation and direction to group dynamics. Group level diagnosis is considered a more specific approach to an internalized problem than organisational diagnosis and can include problem solving groups built for a specific function (Stahl, 1997). However organisational and group levels remain highly interrelated through organisational design. The lowest level of diagnosis is the individual job or position. Waddel et al. (2007) suggest that organisations are made up of numerous groups and in turn, those groups are composed of several positions. Callan (1993) depicts individual diagnosis as highly specified and dynamic. Similarily Stahl (1997) described the individual level diagnosis as having a minimal effect on the organization as a whole. As the individual level focuses on a single job design it requires a new model of job-level diagnosis (Waddell et al. , 2007). The inputs within this level are organisational design, group design and personnel characteristics, and the resulting outputs aimed at achieving are individual effectiveness, through performance, job satisfaction and individual development. The design components utilized to transform the inputs within this model are skill variety, task identity, autonomy, task significance and feedback about results. Coghlan (1994) suggests that effective feedback mechanisms are crucial to continual intervention and employee development. Feedback refers to the degree to which employees are provided with clear information about performance and effectives of their activities (Waddell et al. , 2007). Such mechanisms could include both formal and informal methods such as casual on the spot feedback or yearly performance appraisals. Conversely Callan (1993) depicts task significance as a major influence on outcomes within the individual level, suggesting that the level to which the employee’s job impacts on other people’s lives has a powerful affect on resulted outcomes. Individual level changes and restructuring can result in higher outcomes of individual’s position through higher individual interest and personnel investment in their jobs (Waddell et al. , 2007). As well higher productivity on an individual level transfers to more successful organisational outcomes, and thus benefits both the workers and the firm. The importance of diagnosis on an individual level can be relatively debatable dependent on organisational type, infrastructure and individual job function (Mclean, 2005). Individual level diagnosis relies on organisational design, group design and personal characteristics for transference into outputs (Waddle et al. 2007). Thus this job level is highly interrelated and dependent on the effectiveness of the design components of both organisational and group level. Hence, effective intervention development within the first two levels of diagnosis would result in a large proportion of successful outputs on an individual level (Harrison and Shirom, 1999). Conversely personal characteristics can include dynamic and uncontrollable extraneous variables which may result in a varied output on the job level. (Burton Obel, 2004). Thus in order to limit a varied result within output it may be necessary to conduct individual diagnosis of job design relevant to the specific problem or concern. As well Mclean (2005) emphasizes the importance of employee satisfaction in relation to staff turnover in order for long term development and organisational outcomes. Waddel et al. (2007) reinforce this depicting a ‘two sided’ relationship between employee satisfaction and interest and the consequential favorable outcomes for the firm. Cobb (1986) illustrates that redesigning individual level jobs can be crucial for successful outcomes within specified problems. As well Beer and Spector (1993) suggest that the success of OD interventions rely heavily on the accuracy of diagnosis within organisations. Thus for a higher probability of favorable outcomes for developed interventions it is necessary to conduct diagnosis over all three levels. Organisational development is a critical process for both short and long term outcomes within modern business practice. With growing economic, social and environmental pressure, there is a greater need for organisational change than ever before. Successful OD is heavily reliant on the effectiveness of diagnosis within an organisation in order to develop appropriate interventions to develop change within the firm. All three levels of diagnosis within OD are important to developing effective mechanisms for change. Organisational diagnosis is more responsive to external influences and direct pressure for both social and environmental concerns. However both group and individual levels are highly interrelated with the success of change interventions and in particular the development of productivity and efficiency to provide support against the economic strain. Individual level diagnosis is highly interrelated within the other levels and as such may not be necessary within some OD applications.

Double Genitive Definition and Examples in English grammar

Double Genitive Definition and Examples in English grammar In English grammar, the double genitive is a phrase in which possession is indicated by the preposition of followed by the possessive form of a noun or pronoun, as in a friend of Erics. Also called a  double possessive, an oblique genitive, and a postgenitive.  Some linguists argue that the double genitive is not a true genitive but rather a type of partitive construction. In The Careful Writer (1965), Theodore Bernstein noted that Grammarians have argued over the origin and nature, but not the validity, of the double genitive with the fervor of hot-stove league fans rehashing a Word Series play. Examples and Observations The Dude: Who are you, man?Knox Harrington: Oh, just a friend of Maudies.(The Big Lebowski, 1998)We heard the news from a neighbor of Alices.My bedroom, like that of my potential roommates, is cell-like in both its size and simplicity, furnished with only a bed and a small chest of drawers that easily accommodates the little I brought with me.(David Sedaris, Naked, 1997) Bernsteins Defense of the Double Genitive Not infrequently someone questions a construction that reads like this: He is a political associate of the Presidents. Since the of indicates the possessive (genitive), the someone argues, why tack on another possessive in the form of s? Grammarians differ as to the origin and explanation of the construction, but they do not question its well-established legitimacy. . .  [T]he double genitive is of long standing, idiomatic, useful and here to stay.(Theodore Bernstein, Miss Thistlebottoms Hobgoblins. Farrar, 1971) An Idiomatic Construction Despite their apparent redundancy, double genitive constructions such as a friend of ours or no fault of Jos are established English idiom. Grammarians since C18 have puzzled over the way the construction iterates the of genitive with a genitive inflection on the following pronoun or personal noun.(Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge University Press, 2004) A Subtle Difference To say youre a friend of Gregs means that Greg looks upon you as a friend. To say youre a friend of Greg means that you look upon Greg as a friend. A subtle difference. It seems that the addition of -s to . . . Greg is a way of focusing attention on [this person] as having a more active role in the relationship being expressed. Double possession has given us a way to express quite fine distinctions that we couldnt convey before. The extra marking is not overkill in this case.​(Kate Burridge, Weeds in the Garden of Words: Further Observations on the Tangled History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2005) Purists and Language Liberals A good many of us do use some double genitives and do not notice that they are double. Some language liberals argue that in informal and casual contexts the double genitive is idiomatic and not overkill, but few editors of Standard English will be likely to let it stand in formal writing. Its either friends of my sister or my sisters friends; even in conversation, friends of my sisters may grate harshly on some purists ears.(Kenneth Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, 1993)The double possessive is a matter of some controversy. Some insist that constructions like a friend of Bills are redundant and therefore should be avoided. Others see an old pal of mine and extrapolate that, because youd never say an old pal of me, you also must reject a friend of Bill.I say trust your ear over either dogma. A friend of Bills probably is better . . ..(Bill Walsh, Yes, I Could Care Less: How to Be a Language Snob Without Being a Jerk. St. Martins Press, 2013)

Immigration Policies in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Immigration Policies in the USA - Essay Example Policies throughout the years are at constant change, especially when they need to adapt to ever-changing matters like demographic impact on a society, ideological shift or even immigration issues. The progress of the policy change regarding immigration in the U.S. went through three phases. The first one was ‘the laissez-faire’; the second was ‘the qualitative restriction’ and the final phase ‘the quantitative restriction’ . Policy-makers went through these varies stages to accommodate foreign immigrants, while maintaining the native-born American identity. This finally poses the question; in how far has the issue of contemporary immigration in the U.S. affected the policy making and the American society? Moreover, it will answer the question of whether rights and liberties have been infringed upon, due to the current or altering immigration policies. This paper will also shed light on the fairness of the passed legislations to deal with the issue at hand. Additionally, it will expound whether features of American politics will hinder or expedite changes to the issue at hand. Finally, the paper will conclude on how far the contemporary immigration issue in the U.S. has affected both policymaking and society. American experience has been overspread by the culture of immigration ever since the first European settlers set foot in North America. Immigration is indeed a chain that ties many of the values that unite Americans. Not only is the vision of the U.S role in the world designed by immigration but it also trickles our view of human nature. A phenomenon that â€Å"will construct a new race, a new religion, a new state, a new literature† in the United States was seen by Ralph Waldo Emerson. The concerns about ethnic relations, the environment, social services, economy & other issues have been jostled by the sentiments evoked in the public policy arena by the idealism that surrounds the immigration. The debate over immigration has been expanded in the recent years, in order to broaden the range of foreign policy issues. The world refugee crisis, human rights, international trade, Latin America and the national security are the features of argument on U.S. It is crucial for American s to have an understanding of the issues that concern the long term goals for immigration policy, as per Congressional representatives debate for reform for current immigration law proposes. Issues related to border control, law enforcement and undocumented workers are current the primary focus of the existing proposals. Other issues such as human rights, the economy and the environment and security are the additional concerns raises by the proposed legislative policies. The age of a large amount of non-Europeans migrating to the United States is known as contemporary immigration, it hastened in the end of 1960s to the middle of 1970s after a prolonged interruption of constrained immigration. 1.6 million formerly unauthorized aliens and 1.1 million Special Agricultural Workers1 (SAW) were granted permanent resident status with a total of 17.1 million immigrants admitted in the United States between 1971 and 1995 under the provisions of Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986( her eafter IRCA). Contemporary immigration was as high as it has been in the first quarter of the century, which has been 17.2 million between 1901 and 1925. This was the time immigration was at its peak. The annual admission trends in both the peak periods show a very different trend, despite the similarity in numbers in both the time periods. With a number of obvious ebbs and movements the figure of annual admission

Summary Dismissal of Mark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summary Dismissal of Mark - Essay Example In the case of Mark, the employer had some grounds which could warrant for summary dismissal and he went ahead to dismiss him. From the point of view of Mark, the action of the employer is unlawful and as such it constitutes an unfair dismissal. The grievances of Mark presented in the case study are true and they form a ground upon which he can appeal against the termination of his contract. In this regards, I will argue that wrongful dismissal and violation of his rights as the basis upon which he can appeal against the dismissal. In summary dismissal, there has to be a proof of gross misconduct. In this case, Mark disobeyed a direct disorder from his superior.However, the manner in which it was carried out was not procedural. First off, the dismissal was not in tandem with the usual meaning of this type of dismissal which is instant.The case states clearly that Mark had been asked to work overtime which he refused and a fierce confrontation ensued.Although arguing with superiors is wrong especially in front of other employees, it does not warrant summary dismissal. He was allowed to go home and the next day after he had reported for work; he was given his marching orders after starting his work for the day. In this regards, if indeed summary dismissal was the case, it should have been done the previous day and not the next day after working for some time. ... In Marks case, it appears that the employer was trying to coerce him to fore gore his own commitments for the company’s sake. Such an unprecedented step to coerce an employee to work overtime constitutes violation of an employee’s rights2. Mark is therefore entitled to appeal his summary dismissal on the basis of gross violation of his employee rights. Dismissal of Simon Redundancy is major factor that is considered by employers when they are dismissing their employees. For dismissal on redundancy ground to be fair, the employer must be able to show consistent statistics in terms of underlying problem that led to the dismissal. To give more credence to redundancy dismissal, the employer must consult widely with other stakeholders as well as the concerned employee. However, regardless of whatever method is used to dismiss an employee, the employer must have a formal meeting with the earmarked employee for dismissal. In this meeting, the employee is given an explanation a s to why the employer is terminating the employment contract3. In the case of Simon, the employer used laid down procedures of the company to come up with a trumped charge of poor performance as the basis of his dismissal. First off, this is not a case of poor performance because the underlying problem is change of system from manual to a computerised system. Regardless of human learning capabilities and ingenuity, it is utterly impossible for one to learn new systems in under a month. When the company (Fit & Well Co. Ltd.) was instituting changes, it did not warn the employees to make the necessary preparations to adapt to changes in the work place. Similarly, after making changes in the

The Importance Of Core Communication Skills Social Work Essay

The Importance Of Core Communication Skills Social Work Essay According to Nelson (1980) social work was one of the first professions to recognise the importance of communications skills and the link to effective practice. Communication skills can be essential to the task of assessment, interviewing and later decision making for social workers. In practice, communication tends to be defined primarily as: The verbal and nonverbal exchange of information, including all the ways in which knowledge is transmitted and received (Barker, 2003: 83 in Trevithick, 2005, p 116). The latter elements of communication, which can often translate the emotional content of the communication, are also referred to as interpersonal skills. According to Thompson (2002) social workers use such skills to communicate ethically sensitive practice (p.307). The purpose of this essay is to highlight the role and importance of verbal and non verbal communication skills involved in social work practice. According to Koprowska (2008) communication is both interactive and context related. Therefore, careful consideration needs to be taken when communicating. There may be several barriers involved in communication, such as: authority; language; ability; personality; gender; age; and class (Thompson, 2009). True communication can only be achieved if the barriers are identified and removed. This can be attained by the practice of an anti oppressive and anti discriminatory approach to communication on the part of the social worker. Verbal Communication In practice good communication skills, practically listening and interview skills, are crucial for establishing efficient and respectful relationships with service users and lie at the heart of best practice in social work (Trevithick, 2005, p116). Social workers must demonstrate several skills while assessing or interviewing a client. Verbal communication is a key skill in social work practice and refers to face to face interactions and involves the impact of the actual words we use in speaking (Thompson, 2009, p100). It is importance for social workers to be aware of how and what they say in certain situations; for example, in regards to the issue of formality. If the social worker does not access the situation correctly they may be conceived as being too formal or informal and thus will inevitable create barriers. Further, many service users tend to come from vulnerable sections of society. It is possible that their involvement with social workers may invoke feelings of shame or f ear. It is likely that this will then leave them vulnerable to feeling misunderstood and not listened to. It is therefore fundamental that social workers treat each client as an individual and assess their situation as a unique case. In order to build a good relationship with each client the social worker must demolish any power or untrusting issues that may be present. This power may be either perceived or real in certain situations. For that reason, congruence plays an important role during the interview process. It may not be completely possible to eradicate the power imbalance but it is a key skill to be aware of the need to achieve congruence. This can be active by using the appropriate language so that the client can fully understand and be listened to. It is through such skills that social workers can convey genuine warmth, respect and non-judgement for the service user. Indeed, verbal communication skills also play a major role when working with other colleagues and professi ons, and are essential for decision making and assessments (Cournoyer, 1991). Non Verbal Communication Non verbal communication is a major component for interpersonal skill repertoire and includes posture, facial expression, proxemics, eye contact, and personal appearance (Kadushin and Kadushin, 1997, in Trevithick, 2005, p120), and it can support or contradict verbal communication. The importance of non-verbal communication is not a new concept in the social work field, in an article by DiMatteo, Hays, and Prince (1986) maintained that there are two dimensions of nonverbal communication, firstly decoding or sensitivity and secondly encoding or expressiveness. According to DiMatteo et al nonverbal decoding refers to the capacity to understand the emotions conveyed through others nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, body movements, and voice tone. Nonverbal encoding refers to the capacity to express emotion through nonverbal cues (p 582).For example, much of the understanding of non verbal communication can be gathered through using observation skills. Observation skills can be v ital for social workers interviewing a client. According to Kadushin and Kadushin (1997) there are five thousand distinctly different hand gestures and one thousand different steady body postures so precise observation of non-verbal behaviour is important(P 315). The client may tell the social worker they are coping fine and dont need any help but by observing their facial expression or lack of eye contact they may contradict this. Sheldon stresses that social workers must be aware of their own capacity for self-observation, although always somewhat limited, provides us with an opportunity to analyse our own role and impact. (Sheldon 1995: 132-3 in Trevithick, 2005, p123). Active listening Research has verified listening as the most utilized form of communication. If frequency is a measure of importance, then listening easily qualifies as the most prominent kind of communication (Adler Rodman, 1997, p. 283). Listening may appear to be straightforward but active listening skills need to be learned, practised in training, developed and refreshed for effective use in real situations. Active listening describes a special and demanding alertness on the part of the social worker involved in interviewing a client. For Egan, active listening is about being present psychologically, socially and emotionally, not just physically (Trevithick 2005,p.123). By using skills such as paraphrasing, reflective questioning and open and closed questioning the social worker can convey full interest and understanding to a vulnerable client. Self awareness The concept of self-awareness is important in social work interviewing. Burnard (1992) defines self awareness as the process of getting to know your feelings, attitudes and values (in Thompson, 2009, p.3). A key aspect of self awareness is being aware how we may be perceived by others. In regards to interviewing the social worker may believe they are being laid back, however for the client it may be conceived as being uncaring. Supervision is therefore an important tool to gain feedback and explored any issues. Further importance of self awareness included understanding how possible external factors may affect social workers. Social workers need to aware of concepts such as transference, triggers and blind spots during interviewing process. Thompson stressed that the worker can be affected by a situation without knowing. Therefore, the use of self is extremely important. Empathy Empathy is another important communication skills involved in social work interviewing. This skill involves understanding or appreciating the feelings of others, but without necessarily experiencing them (Thompson 2009, p111). Social workers must show sensitivity and respect to the feelings of the client. There is however a difference between sympathy and empathy. Therefore there is a fundamental skill to achieving empathy not merely expressing sympathy. It is clear from the above information that the failure to achieve efficient communication between the social worker and client can lead to serious consequences. Poor communication can contributed to the harm and inadequate care clients. For example, in recent times such failures of communication among a range of professionals have been highlighted in the public inquiries into the death of several children known to be in the care of social services.(rewrite) Personal Learning

Marital Rape

Marital Rape When she says NO, it's rape†¦ even when she's married to him Every woman has the right to control her own body and to make decisions about having sex, using birth control, becoming pregnant and having children. She does not lose these rights if she marries. These quotes were taken from Stopping Sexual Assault in Marriage published by the Center for Constitutional Rights Much of the attention that has been given to marital rape has emerged from the legal community. This has occurred because throughout the history of most societies, it has been acceptable for men to force their wives to have sex against their will. The traditional definition of rape in the United States most commonly was, sexual intercourse with a female not his wife without her consent Many have argued, this provided husbands with an exemption from prosecution for raping their wives-a license to rape. The foundation of this exemption can be traced back to statements made by Sir Matthew Hale, Chief Justice in 17th century England. Hale wrote, The husband cannot be guilty of a rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual matrimonial consent and contract, the wife hath given herself in kind unto the husband which she cannot retract. This established the notion that once married, a woman does not have the right to refuse sex with her husband. This rationale remained largely unchallenged until the 1970's when some members of the women's movement argued for the elimination of the spousal exemption because it failed to provide equal protection from rape to all women Approximately 10-14% of married women are raped by their husbands in the United States. In the city of Charlotte, the statistics are rising every year. The following statistics reflect ONLY those spousal rapes that were reported. Keep in mind that most married women do not know about the spousal rape laws. In 1997 the statistics were 1%, 1998, 1. 1% and in 1999 1. 8%. Historically, most rape statutes red that rape was forced sexual intercourse with a woman not your wife, thus granting husbands a license to rape. On July 5, 1993, marital rape became a crime in all 50 states, under at least one section of the sexual offense codes. The definition of sexual assault of a spouse as defined in the North Carolina Code is as follows: A person is guilty of sexual assault of a spouse when that person engages in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with his or her spouse without the consent of the spouse and: 1. The lack of consent results from forcible compulsion; or 2. The offender afflicts serious bodily injury upon his or her spouse; or 3. The offender uses a deadly weapon in the commission of the offense. Any person who violates the above provisions shall be guilty of a felony, and, upon conviction, shall be: 1.  Imprisoned in the penitentiary between 2 and 10 years; or 2. Imprisoned in the penitentiary between 2 and 10 years and fined no more than $5,000 In 17 states and the District of Columbia, there are no exemptions from rape prosecution granted to husbands. However, in 33 states, there are still some exemptions given to husbands from rape prosecution. When his wife is most vulnerable (such as, she is mentally or physically impaired, unconscious, asleep, etc. ) and is unable to consent, a husband is exempt from prosecution in many of these 33 states. Women who are raped by their husbands are likely to be raped many times. They experience not only vaginal rape, but also oral and anal rape. Researchers generally categorize marital rape into three types: Force-only rape: This is when husbands uses only the amount of force necessary to coerce their wives. Battering rape: Husbands rape and batter their wives. The battering may happen concurrently or before or after the sexual assault. Sadistic /obsessive rape: Husbands use torture or perverse sexual acts. Pornography is often involved. Women are at particularly high risk for being raped by their partners under the following circumstances: Women married to domineering men who view them as property Women who are in physically violent relationships Women who are pregnant Women who are ill or recovering from surgery Women who are separated or divorced It is a myth that marital rape is less serious than other forms of sexual violence. There are many physical and emotional consequences that may accompany marital rape. Physical effects include injuries to the vaginal and anal areas, lasserations, soreness, bruising, torn muscles, fatigue, and vomiting. Women who are battered and raped frequently suffer from broken bones, black eyes, bloody noses and knife wounds. Gy ne co logical effects include vaginal stretching, miscarriages, stillbirths, bladder infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and infertility. Short-term psychological effects include Post Traumatic Shock Syndrome, anxiety, shock, intense fear, depression and thoughts of suicide. Long-term psychological effects include disordered sleeping, disordered eating, depression, intimacy problems, negative self-images, and sexual dysfunction. Research indicates a lack of responsiveness to marital rape survivors on behalf of service providers – particularly police officers, religious leaders, rape crisis counselors, and battered women's advocates. There is a need for those who come into contact with marital rape survivors to comprehensively address this problem and provide resources, information and support to survivors. In conclusion, despite the fact that marital rape has not been criminalized for long in the United States, it is clearly a serious form of violence against women and worthy of public attention. Marital rape may be even more traumatic than rape by a stranger because a wife lives with her assailant and she may live in constant terror of another assault whether she is awake or asleep. Given the serious effects, there is clearly a need for those who come into contact with marital rape survivors to provide assistance and challenge the prevailing myth that rape by one's spouse is inconsequential. Rape crisis counselors and advocates for battered women are in particularly important leadership positions to address the problem of marital rape in society and to assist survivors of this form of violence. More research on the effects of marital rape, particularly for pregnant women and the children who witness the sexual violence is necessary. Additionally, researchers should investigate the motivations for why men rape their wives and address prevention and treatment strategies. Women who need assistance should contact their local rape crisis center or battered women's shelter. Be forewarned that many rape crisis center and shelters may not have services specifically designed for survivors of wife rape.